CONNECTIONS BETWEEN INVESTMENTS, FINANCING, AND DIVIDEND POLICY IN BRAZIL: CONTROLLING FOR ENDOGENEITIES

Authors

  • Jailson Manoel Silva Duarte Universidade Federal da Paraíba

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22561/cvr.v36i1.8634

Keywords:

Investments, Financing, Dividends, Method of Moments

Abstract

The main business decisions involve the search for the best relationship between investments, financing, and dividends. Therefore, much is discussed about the importance of dividends in defining these policies. Although a common factor on how to estimate these relationships has not yet been reached, it is believed that they occur jointly, and thus, econometric techniques that consider possible endogeneities among the variables present in the models are needed. This study aimed to identify the interconnections between investment, financing, and dividend policy decisions of companies trading on the Brazilian market. Employing econometric techniques such as 2SLS, 3SLS, and GMM, the results pointed to a positive relationship between investments and dividends and confirmed the inverse relationship between leverage and dividends. Thus, the implicit hypothesis of this study was partially confirmed, showing the relationships among the variables, but it was not verified that they occur simultaneously.

References

Ahmed, W., Khan, H. H., Rauf, A., Ulhaq, S., Bano, S., Sarwar, B., Khan, M., Wali, A., Durrani, M. N., et al. (2021). Simultaneous equation estimation in finance and corporate financial decision: Empirical evidence from Pakistan stock exchange. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 11–21. Doi: https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no3.0011

Aivazian, V. A., Ge, Y., & Qiu, J. (2005). The impact of leverage on firm investment: Canadian evidence. Journal of corporate finance, 11(1-2), 277–291. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(95)00842-3

Albuquerque, A. A. de, & Matias, A. B. (2013). Identificando a relação entre alavancagem financeira e investimento nas empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto. Contextus - Revista Contemporânea de Economia e Gestão, 11(2), 76–104.

Assaf Neto, A. (1997). A dinâmica das decisões financeiras. Caderno de estudos, 01–17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-92511997000300001

Barros, L. A., Bergmann, D. R., Castro, F. H., & Silveira, A. D. M. da. (2020). Endogeneidade em regressões com dados em painel: Um guia metodológico para pesquisa em finanças corporativas. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 22, 437–461. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v22i0.4059

Bernanke, B., & Gertler, M. (1989). Agency Costs, Net Worth, and Business Fluctuations. American Economic Review, 79(1), 14–31.

Bernanke, B., & Gertler, M. (1990). Financial Fragility and Economic Performance. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105(1), 87–114. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2937820

Bound, J., Jaeger, D. A., & Baker, R. M. (1995). Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak. Journal of the American statistical association, 90(430), 443–450. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2291055

Brav, A., Graham, J. R., Harvey, C. R., & Michaely, R. (2005). Payout policy in the 21st century. Journal of financial economics, 77(3), 483–527. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.07.004

Chausse, P. (2010). Computing Generalized Method of Moments and Generalized Empirical Likelihood with R. Journal of Statistical Software, 34(11), 1–35. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v034.i11

Chen, C. R., & Lee, C. F. (2010). Application of simultaneous equation in finance research. Em Handbook of quantitative finance and risk management (p. 1301–1306). Springer. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77117-5_86

David, M., Nakamura, W. T., & Bastos, D. D. (2009). Estudo dos modelos trade-off e pecking order para as variáveis endividamento e payout em empresas brasileiras (2000-2006). RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 10(6), 132–153. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-69712009000600008

DeAngelo, H., & DeAngelo, L. (2006). The irrelevance of the MM dividend irrelevance theorem. Journal of financial economics, 79(2), 293–315. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.03.003

DeAngelo, H., & Roll, R. (2015). How stable are corporate capital structures? The Journal of Finance, 70(1), 373–418. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12163

Dhrymes, P. J., & Kurz, M. (1967). Investment, dividend, and external finance behavior of firms. In Determinants of investment behavior (p. 427–485). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Ding, X., & Murinde, V. (2010). Simultaneous financial decision-making: evidence from UK firms. Strategic Change, 19(1-2), 45–56. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.857

Fama, E. F. (1974). The empirical relationships between the dividend and investment decisions of firms. The American Economic Review, 64(3), 304–318.

Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2002). Testing trade-off and pecking order predictions about dividends and debt. The review of financial studies, 15(1), 1–33. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/15.1.1

Forti, C. A. B., Peixoto, F. M., Lima, D., et al. (2015). Fatores determinantes do pagamento de dividendos no Brasil. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 26(68), 167–180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201512260

Frank, M. Z., & Goyal, V. K. (2009). Capital structure decisions: which factors are reliably important? Financial management, 38(1), 1–37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2009.01026.x

Franzotti, T. D. A., & Valle, M. R. do. (2020). Impacto de crises sobre investimentos e financiamentos de companhias brasileiras: abordagem no contexto de restrições financeiras. BBR. Brazilian Business Review, 17(2), 233–252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2020.17.2.6

Gatchev, V. A., Pulvino, T., & Tarhan, V. (2010). The Interdependent and Intertemporal Nature of Financial Decisions: An Application to Cash Flow Sensitivities. The Journal of Finance, 65(2), 725–763. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01549.x

Gertler, M. (1992). Financial Capacity and Output Fluctuations in an Economy with Multi-Period Financial Relationships. The Review of Economic Studies, 59(3), 455–472. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297859

Gomes, M. da C., Augusto Eça, J. P., Fernandes, M., & Valle, M. R. do. (2023). Relação entre diferentes decisões financeiras no Brasil: Investimento, Financiamento e Payout. Estudios Gerenciales, 39(166), 13–23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2023.166.5180

Grabowski, H. G., & Mueller, D. C. (1972). Managerial and stockholder welfare models of firm expenditures. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 9–24. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1927491

Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric Analysis (7th ed). Pearson Education.

Hansen, L. P. (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1029–1054. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912775

Hashem, P. M., & Taylor, L. W. (1999). Diagnostics for IV regressions. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(2), 255–281. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00128

Henningsen, A., & Hamann, J. D. (2007). systemfit: A Package for Estimating Systems of Simultaneous Equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 23(4), 1–40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v023.i04

Higgins, R. C. (1972). The corporate dividend-saving decision. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 7(2), 1527–1541. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2329932

Jensen, G. R., Solberg, D. P., & Zorn, T. S. (1992). Simultaneous determination of insider ownership, debt, and dividend policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative analysis, 247–263. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2331370

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X

Lambrecht, B. M., & Myers, S. C. (2012). A Lintner model of payout and managerial rents. The journal of finance, 67(5), 1761–1810. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01772.x

Lang, L., Ofek, E., & Stulz, R. (1996). Leverage, investment, and firm growth. Journal of financial Economics, 40(1), 3–29. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(95)00842-3

Lee, C. F., & Lee, A. C. (2021). Investment, financing, dividend, and production policies: Review and integration. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 24(03), 2150018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219091521500181

Lee, C.-F., Liang, W., Lin, F.-L., & Yang, Y. (2016). Applications of simultaneous equations in finance research: methods and empirical results. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 47(4), 943–971. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-015-0526-0

Loss, L., & Sarlo Neto, A. (2006). O inter-relacionamento entre polı́ticas de dividendos e de investimentos: estudo aplicado às companhias brasileiras negociadas na Bovespa. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 17(40), 52–66. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-70772006000100005

Maqbool, A., Nazeer, N., Maqbool, A., et al. (2024). The Simultaneity of Strategic Financial Decisions: Evidence from PSX listed Firms. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 12(3), 2509–2520. Doi: https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2024.v12i3.2274

McCabe, G. M. (1979). The empirical relationship between investment and financing: a new look. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 119–135. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2330658

McDonald, J. G., Jacquillat, B., & Nussenbaum, M. (1975). Dividend, investment and financing decisions: empirical evidence on French firms. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 741–755. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2330268

Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American economic review, 48(3), 261–297.

Morgan, I., & Saint-Pierre, J. (1978). Dividend and investment decisions of Canadian firms. Canadian Journal of Economics, 20–37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/134544

Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13(2), 187–221. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(84)90023-0

Pagan, A. R., & Hall, A. D. (1983). Diagnostic tests as residual analysis. Econometric Reviews, 2(2), 159–218. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07311768308800039

Pamplona, E., & Silva, T. P. da. (2020). Influência da estrutura de capital no desempenho de empresas brasileiras sob a ótica não linear. Estudios Gerenciales, 36(157), 415–427. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2020.157.3851

Peterson, P. P., & Benesh, G. A. (1983). A reexamination of the empirical relationship between investment and financing decisions. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 439–453. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2330939

Pruitt, S. W., & Gitman, L. J. (1991). The interactions between the investment, financing, and dividend decisions of major US firms. Financial review, 26(3), 409–430. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.1991.tb00388.x

Rossi, P. E. (2014). Even the rich can make themselves poor: A critical examination of IV methods in marketing applications. Marketing Science, 33(5), 655–672. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2014.0860

Sadaf, R., Oláh, J., Popp, J., & Máté, D. (2019). Institutional ownership and simultaneity of strategic financial decisions: an empirical analysis in the case of Pakistan Stock Exchange. E a M: Ekonomie a Management, 22, 172–188. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2019-1-012

Santos, A. A. A., Montoro, S. B., Santos, D. F. L., & Matiolli, M. D. (2021). Os efeitos das decisões de estrutura de capital e investimento no desempenho financeiro empresarial. Enfoque: Reflexão Contábil, 40(3), 179–198. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4025/enfoque.v40i3.51810

Silveira Galvão, K. da, Santos, J. F. dos, & Araújo, J. M. de. (2019). Política de distribuição de dividendos: uma análise dos fatores relacionados ao pagamento de dividendos e do payout incremental pelas empresas brasileiras. Enfoque: Reflexão Contábil, 38(3), 57–75. Doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.4025/enfoque.v38i3.42438

Supra, B., Narender, V., Jadiyappa, N., Girish, G., et al. (2016). Speed of Adjustment of Capital Structure in Emerging Markets. Theoretical Economics Letters, 6(03), 534. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2016.63059

Switzer, L. (1984). The determinants of industrial R&D: a funds flow simultaneous equation approach. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 163–168. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1924710

Ullah, S., Zaefarian, G., & Ullah, F. (2021). How to use instrumental variables in addressing endogeneity? A step-by-step procedure for non-specialists. Industrial Marketing Management, 96, A1–A6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.03.006

Wang, C. J. (2010). The instrument variable approach to correct for endogeneity in finance. In Handbook of Quantitative Finance and Risk Management (p. 1357–1369). Springer. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb05123.x

Wang, D. H. (2010). Corporate investment, financing, and dividend policies in the high-tech industry. Journal of Business Research, 63(5), 486–489. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.04.006

Yoon, P. S., & Starks, L. T. (1995). Signaling, investment opportunities, and dividend announcements. The Review of Financial Studies, 8(4), 995–1018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/8.4.995

Published

2025-05-27

How to Cite

DUARTE, J. M. S. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN INVESTMENTS, FINANCING, AND DIVIDEND POLICY IN BRAZIL: CONTROLLING FOR ENDOGENEITIES. Contabilidade Vista & Revista, [S. l.], v. 36, n. 1, p. 128–151, 2025. DOI: 10.22561/cvr.v36i1.8634. Disponível em: https://revistas.face.ufmg.br/index.php/contabilidadevistaerevista/article/view/8634. Acesso em: 7 dec. 2025.