PAY-PERFORMANCE SENSITIVITY AND OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION IN BRAZILIAN COMPANIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22561/cvr.v32i3.6240Palavras-chave:
Pay-Performance Sensitivity, Executive Compensation, Firm Performance, Ownership ConcentrationResumo
We examine whether the firm's performance influences executive compensation and how the ownership concentration moderates this pay-performance relationship. Our sample comprises 205 Brazilian companies listed on Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3) with available data between 2010 and 2018. We employ the Generalized Method of Moments with Instrumental Variables (IV-GMM) regressions to control the simultaneity effect of firm performance and executive compensation. Our main results indicate that although the positive influence of firm performance proxies (return on equity and return on assets) on executive compensation, the ownership concentration decrease the pay-performance sensitivity. Thus, our study contributes to the literature by showing that the high level of ownership concentration reduces the propensity of aligning the interests of managers for higher levels of compensation with the interests of shareholders for better firm profitability, not reflecting the recommended practices of corporate governance.
Referências
Aguiar, A. B., & Pimentel, R. C. (2017). Remuneração de executivos e desempenho no mercado brasileiro: relações contemporâneas e defasadas. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 21(4), 545-568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2017160228
Aguinis, H., Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Martin, G. P., Joo, H. (2018). CEO pay is indeed decoupled from CEO performance: charting a path for the future. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 16(1), 117-136. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MRJIAM-12-2017-0793
Al-Jaifi, H. M. (2017). Ownership concentration, earnings management and stock market liquidity: evidence from Malaysia. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 17(3), 490-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-06-2016-0139
Alves, M. F. R., & Krauter, E. (2014). Remuneração executiva: Existe contribuição para a performance da organização? Revista de Globalización, Competitividad y Gobernabilidad, 8(2), 55-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3232/GCG.2014.V8.N2.03
Anjos, L. C. M., Tavares, M. F. N., Monte, P. A., & Lustosa, P. R. B. (2015). Relações entre controle acionário e remuneração de executivos. Enfoque: Reflexão Contábil, 34(1), 45-56. DOI: https://10.4025/enfoque.v34i1.22493
Ataay, A. (2018). Performance sensitivity of executive pay: the role of ownership structure, board leadership structure and board characteristics. Economic Research, 31(1), 1152-1168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1456951
Azevedo, Y. G. P., Gomes, H. B., & Nakao, S. H. (2021). Poison Pills e Governança Corporativa: Um Estudo no Mercado Acionário Brasileiro. Revista de Contabilidade e Organizações, 15(1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-6486.rco.2021.169831
Banghøj, J., Gabrielsen, G., Petersen, C., & Plenborg, T. (2010). Determinants of executive compensation in privately held firms. Accounting & Finance, 50(3), 481-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2009.00335.x
Barbosa, F. H. F. (2017). A crise econômica de 2014/2017. Estudos Avançados, 31(89), 51-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142017.31890006
Bebchuk, L. A., & Fried, J. M. (2003). Executive Compensation as an Agency Problem. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(3), 71-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003769204362
Berle, A., & Means, G. (1932). The modern corporation and private property. New York: Macmillan.
Beuren, I. M., Silva, M. Z., & Mazzioni, S. (2014). Remuneração dos executivos versus desempenho das empresas. Revista de Administração FACES, 13(2), 8-25. Recuperado de http://www.fumec.br/revistas/facesp/article/view/1556/1472
Borisova, G., Salas, J. M., & Zagorchev, A. (2018). CEO compensation and government ownership. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 27(2), 120-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12265
Brush, T. H., Bromiley, P., & Hendrickx, M. (2000). The free cash flow hypothesis for sales growth and firm performance. Stategic Management Journal, 21(4), 455-472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200004)21:4<455::AID-SMJ83>3.0.CO;2-P
Buck, T., Liu, X., & Skovoroda, R. (2008). Top executive pay and firm performance in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(5), 833-850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400386
Cao, J., Pan, X., & Tian, G. (2011). Disproportional ownership structure and pay–performance relationship: Evidence from China's listed firms. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(3), 541-554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2011.02.006
Capezio, A., Shields, J., & O’Donnell, M. (2011). Too Good to be True: Board Structural Independence as a Moderator of CEO Pay-for-Firm-Performance. Journal of Management Studies, 48(3), 487-513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00895.x
Chang, Y., Chen, T., & Shu, M. (2017). Corporate social responsibility, corporate performance, and pay-performance sensitivity - Evidence from Shanghai stock exchange social responsibility index. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(5), 1183-1203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2016.1273768
Cheung, Y., Stouraitis, A., & Wong, A. W. S. (2005). Ownership concentration and executive compensation in closely held firms: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of Empirical Finance, 12(4), 511-532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2004.10.001
Coughlan, A. T., & Schmidt, R. M. (1985). Executive compensation, management turnover, and firm performance: An empirical investigation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7(1-3), 43-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(85)90027-8
Cristóstomo, V. L., Brandão, I. F., & López-Iturriaga, F. J. (2020). Large shareholders’ power and the quality of corporate governance: An analysis of Brazilian firms. Research in International Business and Finance, 51, 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2019.101076
Cunha, P. R., Vogt, M., & Degenhart, L. (2016). Governança corporativa e remuneração dos diretores executivos das empresas Brasileiras. Enfoque: Reflexão Contábil, 35(2), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/enfoque.v35i2.30924
Dai, Z., Jin, L., & Zhang, W. (2014). Executive pay–performance sensitivity and litigation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 31(1), 152-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12019
Daily, C. M., Johnson, J. L., Ellstrand, A. E., & Dalton, D. R. (1998). Compensation Committee Composition as a Determinant of CEO Compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 41(2), 209-220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/257103
Dani, A. C., Panucci, L. Fº, Michels, A., Gonçalves, A., & Zonatto, V. C. S. (2017). Relação entre remuneração de executivos, responsabilidade social corporativa e o desempenho empresarial de companhias brasileiras. Revista Gestão & Sustentabilidade Empresarial, 6(2), 431-454. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/rgsa.v6e22017431-454
Devers, C. E., Cannella, A. A., Reilly, G. P., & Yoder, M. E. (2007). Executive compensation: A multidisciplinary review of recent developments. Journal of Management, 33(6), 1016–1072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308588
Earle, J. S., Kucsera, C., & Telegdy, A. (2005). Ownership Concentration and Corporate Performance on the Budapest Stock Exchange: do too many cooks spoil the goulash? Corporate Governance, 13(2), 254-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2005.00420.x
Ermel, M. D. A., & Medeiros, V. (2020). Stock-based compensation plan: an analysis of the determinants of its use. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 31(82), 84-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201907620
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1995). Size and book-to-market factors in earnings and returns. The Journal of Finance, 50(1), 131-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05169.x
Fernandes, F. C., & Mazzioni, S. (2015). A correlação entre a remuneração dos executivos e o desempenho de empresas brasileiras do setor financeiro. Contabilidade Vista & Revista, 26(2), 41-64. Recuperado de https://revistas.face.ufmg.br/index.php/contabilidadevistaerevista/article/view/2343
Firth, M., Fung, P. M. Y., Rui, O. M. (2006). Corporate performance and CEO compensation in China. Journal of Finance, 12(4), 693-714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2005.03.002
Gomez-Mejia, L., & Wiseman, R. M. (1997). Reframing executive compensation: An assessment and outlook. Journal of Management, 23(3), 291-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(97)90035-0
Gorga, E. (2009). Changing the Paradigm of Stock Ownership from Concentrated towards Dispersed Ownership: Evidence from Brazil and Consequences for Emerging Countries. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, 29, 439–554. Recuperado de https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb/vol29/iss2/14/
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2011). Econometria Básica. 5 ed. Porto Alegre: AMGH.
Iyengar, R. J., Williams, H. J., & Zampelli, E. M. (2005). Sensitivity of executive pay to accounting performance measures in all-equity firms. Accounting and Finance, 45(4), 577-595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2005.00143.x
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
Jensen, M. C., & Murphy, K. J. (1990). Performance pay and top-management incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 98(2), 225-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261677
Jiang, H., Habib, A., & Smallman, C. (2009). The effect of ownership concentration on CEO compensation-firm performance relationship in New Zealand. Pacific Accounting, 21(2), 104-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01140580911002053
Ke, B., Petroni, K., & Safieddine, A. (1999). Ownership concentration and sensitivity of executive pay to accounting performance measures: Evidence from publicly and privately-held insurance companies. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 28(2), 185-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(99)00021-X
Kohli, M. (2018). Impact of Ownership Type and Board Characteristics on the Pay–Performance Relationship: Evidence from India. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 11(1), 1-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0974686218763853
Konrath, J. M., Lunkes, J. R., Gasparetto, V., & Schnorrenberger, D. (2018). Remuneração Variável: Um Estudo da Relação com Indicadores Financeiros das Companhias Abertas Brasileiras. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económica: Investigación y Reflexión, 26(1), 209-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18359/rfce.1781
Leal, R. P. C., Carvalhal, A. L., & Iervolino, A. P. (2015). One Decade of Evolution of Corporate Governance Practices in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Finanças, 13(1), 131-161. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v13n1.2015.50904
Leone, A. J., Wu, J. S., Zimmerman, J. L. (2006). Asymmetric sensitivity of CEO cash compensation to stock returns. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(1-2), 167-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2005.11.001
Libby, R., Bloomfield, R., & Nelson, M. W. (2002). Experimental research in financial accounting. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 27(8), 775-810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(01)00011-3
Lopes, P. F., Costa, D. F., Carvalho, F. M., & Castro, L. G. Jr. (2016). Desempenho econômico e financeiro das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto: Um estudo das crises de 2008 e 2012. Revista Universo Contábil, 12(1), 105-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4270/ruc.2016106
Lubatkin, M. H., Durand, R., & Ling, Y. (2007). The missing lens in family firm governance theory: A self-other typology of parental altruism. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1022-1029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.019
Maltocsy, Z., Shan, Y., & Seethamraju, V. (2012). The timing of changes in CEO compensation from cash bonus to equity-based compensation: Determinants xand performance consequences. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 8(2), 78-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2012.06.002
Martins, E., Miranda, G. J., & Diniz, J. A. (2018). Análise Didática das Demonstrações Contábeis (2ª ed.). São Paulo: Atlas.
Martins, H. C., Schiehll, E., & Terra, P. R. S. (2017). Country‐level governance quality, ownership concentration, and debt maturity: A comparative study of Brazil and Chile. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 25(4), 236-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12192
Michiels, A., Voordeckers, W., Lybaert, N., & Steijvers, T. (2012). CEO Compensation in Private Family Firms: Pay-for-Performance and the Moderating Role of Ownership and Management. Family Business Review, 26(2), 140-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486512454731
Murphy, K. J. (1986). Incentives, learning, and compensation: A theoretical and empirical-investigation of managerial labor contracts. Rand Journal of Economics, 17(1), 59-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2555628
Oh, W., Chang, Y. K., & Kim, T. (2018). Complementary or Substitutive Effects? Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Management, 44(7), 1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206316653804
Ozkan, N. (2011). CEO compensation and firm performance: An empirical investigation of UK panel data. European Financial Management, 17(2), 260-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036X.2009.00511.x
Pelucio-Grecco, M. C., Geron, C. M. S., Grecco, G. B., & Lima, J. P. C. (2014). The effect of IFRS on earnings management in Brazilian non-financial public companies. Emerging Markets Review, 21, 42–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2014.07.001
Pinto, M. R., & Leal R. P. C. (2013). Ownership Concentration, Top Management and Board Compensation. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 17(3), 304-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552013000300004
Ross, S. A. (1973). The Economic Theory of agency: The principal's problem. American Economic Review, 63(2), 134-139. Recuperado de https://www.jstor.org/stable/1817064
Saona, P., & Muro, L. (2018). Firm-and Country-Level Attributes as Determinants of Earnings Management: An Analysis for Latin American Firms. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(12), 2736-2764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1410127
Shehzad, C. T., Haan, J., & Scholtens, B. (2010). The impact of bank ownership concentration on impaired loans and capital adequacy. Journal of Banking & Finance, 34(2), 399-408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.08.007
Shin, J. Y., & Seo, J. (2011). Less pay and more sensitivity? Institutional investor heterogeneity and CEO pay. Journal of Management, 37(6), 1719-1746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310372412
Silva, A. L. P., Lana, J., & Marcon, R. (2018). Pactuando e Impactando: O Efeito dos Acordos de Acionistas no Valor de Mercado da Firma. Brazilian Business Review, 15(1), 88-104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2018.15.1.6
Sloan, R. G. (1993). Accounting earnings and top executive compensation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16(1-3), 55-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(93)90005-Z
Sousa, E. F., Sousa, A. F. & Demonier, G. B. (2016). Adoção das IFRS no Brasil: Efeitos no Conservadorismo Contábil. Revista de Educação e Pesquisa em Contabilidade, 10(2), 136-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17524/repec.v10i2.1290
Sridhar, I., & Kumar, K. K. (2015). A Panel Data Analysis of Determinants of Executive Compensation: Evidence from India. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 139, 112-125.
Tosi, H. L., Werner, S., Katz, J. P., Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2000). How much does performance matter? A meta-analysis of CEO pay studies. Journal of Management, 26(2), 301-339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600207
Van Essen, M., Otten, J., & Carberry, E. J. (2015). Assessing managerial power theory: A meta-analytic approach to understanding the determinants of CEO compensation. Journal of Management, 41(1), 164-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206311429378
Vasconcelos, A. F., & Monte, P. A. (2013). A remuneração de executivos e o desempenho financeiro das empresas brasileiras. Registro Contábil, 4(1), 1-17. Recuperado de http://www.seer.ufal.br/index.php/registrocontabil/article/view/802
Yang, B, Cullinan, C. P., & Liu, H. (2018). Analyst following and pay-performance sensitivity: evidence from China. Applied Economics, 50(37), 4040-4053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1441508
Yen, T., & André, P. (2007). Ownership structure and operating performance of acquiring firms: The case of English-origin countries. Journal of Economics and Business, 59(5), 380-405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2007.04.003
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
A submissão do texto para avaliação implica no compromisso de que o material não seja submetido a um outro periódico nacional ou internacional e autoriza, caso aprovado, a sua publicação.
Os artigos publicados são de responsabilidade dos autores não traduzindo, necessariamente, a opinião da revista. A reprodução dos artigos, total ou parcial, pode ser feita desde que citada esta fonte.
Considerando que o(s) autor(es) do texto concorda(m) com a sua publicação, caso o mesmo seja aprovado pela revista, sem que disso lhe seja devido qualquer remuneração, reembolso ou compensação de qualquer natureza, a Revista Contabilidade Vista & Revista através do Departamento de Ciências Contábeis da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, detém todos os direitos autorais dos textos publicados, conforme a legislação brasileira vigente.
Os direitos autorais para artigos publicados nesta revista são do autor, com direitos de primeira publicação para a revista. Em virtude de aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, em aplicações educacionais e não-comerciais. A revista permitirá o uso dos trabalhos publicados para fins não-comerciais, incluindo direito de enviar o trabalho para bases de dados de acesso público.