“SUMAK KAWSAY OR BUEN VIVIR”, AN ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL IN THE ANDEAN STATE?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25113/farol.v3i7.2913Palavras-chave:
De-colonialism, Sumak Kawsay, Ecuador´s Development ModelResumo
In recent years, Ecuador has experienced a change in governance challenging the traditional Occidental conception of development in culture. This change of ideology has transformed the public policy of the small Andean country, establishing the indigenous Kichwa concepts of “Sumak Kawsay”, “multiculturalismo” and “plurinacionalidad” as significant standards for governance under its new “Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir” development model.
This paper draws upon data collected from government documents and public interviews to examine how Ecuador’s new model based on indigenous concepts has been translated into public policy. The results of this investigation show that, despite a strong government embracement of its country’s indigenous heritage through changes to public policy, Ecuador remains functioning within a highly occidental framework. Nevertheless, its indigenous concepts can provide an important context for analyzing alternatives to public policy in Latin America, especially within the Andean region. Understanding better how Ecuador’s buen vivir functions as an alternative to the status-quo Occidental framework based on its indigenous influence can help advance future research regarding alternatives to public policy models in Latin America.
Referências
2. Arcentales, J. “Estado Constitucional de Derechos? Informe sobre derechos humanos, Ecuador 2009”. Quito: Informe de investigación del Programa Andino de Derechos Humanos, Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar: Sede, Ecuador, 2009.
3. Baer, W. The Economics of Prebisch and ECLA. Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol-10, No. 2, Part 1. pp.169 -182, 1962.
4. Barber, B. Jihad vs. McWorld. NY: Times Books, 1995.
5. Barndt, W. Executive Assaults and the Social Foundation of Democracy in Ecuador. Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp.121-154, 2010.
6. Bebbington, A., Carrasco, H., Peralbo, L., Ramon, G., Trujillo, J., and Torres, V. Fragile Lands, Fragile Organizations: Indian Organizations and the Politics of Sustainability in Ecuador. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 179-196, 1993.
7. Bebbington, A., and Bebbington, D. An Andean Avatar: Post-Neoliberal and Neoliberal Strategies for Securing the Unobtainable. New Political Economy, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.131-145, 2011.
8. Beck, U. What is Globalization? Cambridge: Polity Press, p. 17-21, 2000.
9. Becker, M. Correa, Indigenous Movements, and the Writing of a New Constitution in Ecuador. Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 176, No. 38, pp. 47-62, 2011
10. Burke, J. Defining Investor Confidence: Avoiding Interpretive Uncertainty in Chevron Corp. v. Ecuador. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2011. Available at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1663&context=iclr
11. Carbaugh, R. and Prante, T. The Temptation for Protectionism and American Trade Policy. World Economics, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2010. (Faculty Scholarship for the College of Business. Paper 136. Available at: http://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/cobfac/136).
12. Cardoso, F. H. and Faletto, E. Postcriptum a 'Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina’. Desarrollo Económico (Buenos Aires), Vol. 17, No. 66, pp. 273-299, 1977.
13. CODENPE. Pachamama: Diálogo de Saberes. Quito: CODENPE, July, 2011a
14. CODENPE. Sumak Kawsay – Buen Vivir: Diálogo de Saberes. Quito: CODENPE July, 2011b
15. CODENPE. Interculturalidad: Diálogo de Saberes. Quito: CODENPE July, 2011c
16. CODENPE . Plurinacionalidad: Diálogo de Saberes. Quito: CODENPE July 2011d
17. Conaghan, C. Ecuador: Correa’s Plebiscitary Presidency. Journal of Democracy, Vol. 19, No. , pp. 46-60, 2008.
18. Conaghan, C. and de la Torre, C. The Permanent Campaign of Rafael Correa: Making Ecuador’s Plebiscitary Presidency. The International Journal of Press/Politics. Vol. 13, No. 3, pp.267-284, 2008.
19. Dávalos, P. El ‘Sumak Kawsay’ (Buen Vivir) y las cesuras del desarrollo. ALAI America Latina en Movimiento, available at: http://alainet.org/active/23920, accessed in 2008. Published again at: http://www.iade.org.ar/modules/noticias/article.php?storyid=5138, 2014.
20. De la Barra, X. and Dello Buono, R. Latin America after the Neoliberal Debacle, Lanham, MD. NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2009.
21. De la Torre, C. La letra con sangre entra: Racismo, Escuela y Vida Cotidiana en Ecuador. ICONOS No. 3, pp. 115-128, 1997.
22. Dos Santos, T. The Structure of Dependence. The American Economic Review, Vol. 60, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Eighty-Second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, pp. 231-236, 1970.
23. Erazo, J. Constructing Indigenous Subjectivities: Economic Collectivism and Identity in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Development and Change, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 1017-1039, 2010.
24. Escobar, A. The Invention of Development. Current History, 98, 631, pp. 382-386, 1999.
25. Escobar, A. Latin America at a Crossroads.Cultural Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-65, 2010.
26. Frank, A. The Development of Underdevelopment. Monthly Review, 18, 1966.
27. Frank, A. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York, 1967.
28. Freidenberg, F. El Sueno Frustrado de la Gobernabilidad: Instituciones, Actores, Y Politica Informal en Ecuador. Documentos CIDOB, América Latina, 24, 2008
29. Fukuyama, F. The End of History? Essay published in the International Affairs of The National Interest, 1989.
30. Georgetown University. “Indigenous Peoples, Democracy and Political Participation” Political Database of the Americas, Georgetown University, available at: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/IndigenousPeoples/demographics.html. , 2006
31. Gordon, D. Indicators of Poverty & Hunger. Expert Group Meeting on Youth Development Indicators, United Nations Headquarters, New York, 2005.
32. Gracia, J. Globalization, Philosophy, and Latin America, in Latin American Perspectives on Globalization: Ethics, Politics and Alternative Visions, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, MD., 2002.
33. Gray, J. From the Great Transformation to the Global Free Market. From False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism. Curtis Brown, 1998.
34. Gudynas, E. Buen Vivir: Germinando Alternativas al Desarrollo. America Latina en Movimiento, 2011.
35. Habermas, J. Legitimation Crisis, Boston, MA, Beacon Press, 1975.
36. Halperin-Donghi, T. ’Dependency Theory’ and Latin American Historiography Latin American Research Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 115-130, 1982.
37. Harvey, D. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 610, NAFTA and Beyond: Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Global Trade and Development, pp. 22-44, 2007.
38. Held, D. Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas, University of California Press, 1980.
39. Hutchins, F. and Wilson, P. Editing Eden: A Reconsideration of Identity, Politics, and Place in Amazonia, University of Nebraska, 2010.
40. Kimerling, J. Indigenous peoples and the oil frontier in Amazonia: The case of Ecuador, Chevrontexaco, and Aguinda v. Texaco. International Law and Politics, Vol. 13, No. 23, pp. 413-683, 2006.
41. Kofas, J. The IMF, the World Bank, and U.S. Foreign Policy in Ecuador, 1956-1966. Latin American Perspectives, vol. 28, No.5, pp. 50-83, 2001.
42. Lerner, R.S. and Meldrum, T.M.. Debt, Oil, and Indigenous Peoples: The Effect of United States Development Policies in Ecuador's Amazon Basin. Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 5. Pp. 174-182, 1992.
43. Lorenzo, H. El ‘Buen Vivir’. Resistencia y alternativa a la colonizacion y la logica del capital. Instituto de Filosofia, La Habana, 2009.
44. Lucero, J. Representing ´REAL INDIANS´ the Challenges of Indigenous Authenticity and Strategic Constructivism in Ecuador and Bolivia” Latin American Research Review, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp.31-56, 2006.
45. Marcuse, H. One Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society, Boston, Beacon Press, 1964.
46. Márquez, G. The Solitude of Latin America. Nobel Prize Lecture, 8, 1982.
47. Martens, J. Thinking Ahead: Development Models and Indicators of Well-being Beyond the MDGs. Global Policy Forum: Dialogue on Globalization, 2010.
48. Marx, E. The Fight for Yasuni. SCIENCE, Vol. 330, No. 6008, 26 November, 2010.
49. Nicholls, E. An Andean form of Democracy: Elucidating Correa’s “Citizen’s Revolution. Carleton University, 2010.
50. O’Brien, R. and Williams, M. Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics 2ndEdition. Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
51. Ramírez, R. Izquierda Postsocialista. Quito: SENPLADES, 2010a.
52. Ramírez, R. Socialismo del Sumak Kawsay o biosocialismo republicano. Quito: SENPLADES, 2010b
53. Ramírez, R. La Felicidad como Medida del Buen Vivir en Ecuador. Quito: SENPLADES, 2010c.
54. Republic of Ecuador. Constitución de la Republica del Ecuador, 2008.
55. Reyes, A. Revolutions in the Revolutions: A Post-counterhegemonic Moment for Latin America?. The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 111, No. 1, pp. 1-27, 2012.
56. Sachs, Jeffrey. The End of Poverty. Time, March 14, 2005
57. SENPLADES. Plan Nacional Para el Buen Vivir 2009-2013 “Construyendo un Estado Plurinacional e Intercultural”. Quito: SENPLADES, 2009.
58. Silva, E. The Import-Substitution Model: Chile in Comparative Perspective. Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 67-90, 2007.
59. Shiva, V. How to End Poverty: Making Poverty History and The History Of Poverty”, ZSpace, available at: http://www.zcommunications.org/how-to-end-poverty-making-poverty-history- and-thehistory-of-poverty-by-vandana2-shiva, accessed in 2005
60. Strange, S. The Westfailure System. Review of International Studies, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 345-354, 1999.
61. Swanson, K. Revanchist Urbanism Heads South: The Regulation of Indigenous Beggars and Street Vendors in Ecuador. Journal compilation: 2007 Editorial Board of Antipode. Pp. 708-728, 2007.
62. Sztulwark, S. El estructuralismo latinoamericano: Fundamentos y transformaciones del pensamiento económico de la periferia. Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros/Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, 2005.
63. Uquillas, J. and Van Nieuwkoop, M. Social capital as a factor in indigenous peoples development in Ecuador. The World Bank: Latin America and Caribbean Region Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Department (LCSES), 2003.
64. Vidal, J. Oil: can Ecuador see past the black stuff? The Guardian Newspaper, Sept. 2010.
65. Walsh, C. Development as Buen Vivir: Institutional arrangements and (de)colonial entanglements. Development, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 15–21, 2010.
66. Walsh, C. The (Re)articulation of Political Subjectivities and Colonial Difference in Ecuador Reflections on Capitalism and the Geopolitics of Knowledge. Nepantla: Views from South, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 61-97, 2002.
67. Walton, M. Neoliberalism in Latin America: Good, Bad or Incomplete? Latin American Research Review, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 165-183, 2004.
68. Zhang, B. and Wildemuth, B. Qualitative analysis of content. Applications of Social Research Methods to Questions in Information and Library Science B. Wildemuth (Ed.), pp. 308-319, 2009.
69. Zibechi, R. Ecuador: The Battle For Natural Resources Deepens. ZNet, available at: http://www.zcommunications.org/ecuador-the-battle-for-natural-resources-deepens-by- ra-lzibechI, accessed in 2009.
70. Zibechi, R. Bolivia and Ecuador: The State against the Indigenous People. CIP Americas, available at: http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/2810, accessed in 2010.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Assume-se que em qualquer das modalidades de contribuições aceitas pela Farol – Revista de Estudos Organizacionais e Sociedade, ao submeter um trabalho, o(s) autor(es) se reconhece(m) como detentor(es) do direito autoral sobre ele e autoriza(m) seu livre uso pelos leitores, podendo ser, além de lido, baixado, copiado, distribuído, adaptado e impresso, desde que seja atribuído o devido crédito pela criação original. Em caso de aprovação do trabalho para publicação, os direitos autorais (inclusive os direitos de tradução) são exclusivamente do(s) autor(es).
Os autores devem concordar com os seguintes termos relativos aos Direitos Autorais:
a. Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
b. Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
c. Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
